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With its abundance of refineries, Iran annually produces several million tons of bitumen (asphalt), ​​which the government distributes gratis to state-owned entities and IRGC, who then export it illicitly and make a great deal of profit.Iran has the second-largest oil refining industry in the Middle

Set up as ‘rainy day’ funds to protect oil-rich countries from economic shocks, sovereign wealth funds are an important economic stabilizer for Middle Eastern countries. While the volume of Iran’s fund is relatively high, it fails to meet the needs of its growing population. In comparison with its o

A group of political stakeholders including the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)  receive as much as 20 trillion Tomans (about $421.9 million, at an exchange rate of 47,400 Tomans/$1) worth of “free bitumen” from the Iranian government, an Iran Open Data analysis has shown. One of the p

In this regional analysis, we compare Iran’s oil and gas industry with Oman, one of few regional countries with good political relations with Iran. This is an unlikely comparison, as Oman is considered a minnow in the global oil & gas scene, whereas Iran has the largest combined oil and gas rese

Iran’s leaders are trying to portray the Islamic republic as heading in the right direction, using the recent truce with Saudi Arabia as an example, and by assuring the beleaguered Iranian business community that a new agreement on its nuclear program is on the horizon. Reviving the JCPOA will attra

Iran’s steel industry, once seen as formidable in the region, is lagging behind that of neighbouring countries. Although Iran has steadily increased its steel output in the past two decades, the industry has not kept up with the technological advances deployed elsewhere in the region. As a result, I

The reluctance of Iranian leaders to the global energy transition, which has seen other fossil fuel-rich nations invest heavily in renewable energy infrastructure, leaves the country exposed to major economic shocks.The so-called Energy Transition is especially prevalent in OECD countries, which inc

Iran’s loss of clout on the global oil market has intensified its illicit oil sales to China. This disadvantageous position costs the government millions of Dollars while enriching the IRGC and other middlemen. Until recently, Iran was a major player on the global energy scene. Any hint of a po

In terms of energy security, the United States and Iran have moved in opposite directions in the past 18 years. In its move toward LNG self sufficiency, the United States has transformed itself from a major importer to a net exporter, while Iran’s stagnating infrastructure and inability to sell free

The global energy scene is changing at a rapid pace and Iran is falling behind, with no signs of a potential recovery. Most of the new investments in the energy sector around the world need to demonstrate compliance with the International Energy Agency’s principles for implementing net zero carbon e

This table is taken from the publisher's website.

This data is taken from table number 2 from page 24 of the report Transaction fee ceiling in the energy exchange - 2020.